Jane as an Unconventional Female Character in Jane Eyre Essay

How does Brontà « convey Jane as an unconventional female character in the novel Jane Eyre? Jane Eyre was published in 1847, during the reign of Queen Victoria. The novel was written by Charlotte Brontà «, but published under the pseudonym Currer Bell. Pseudonyms were used frequently by women at this point in time, as they were believed to be inferior to men. The work of female authors was not as well respected as those of male writers; therefore many women would assume a fictitious name in order for their works to get noticed. A well-known example of another female author writing under a pseudonym at the same time was Mary Ann Evans, who wrote under the name George Eliot. The reason for this oppression of women writers lies in†¦show more content†¦Jane’s life has five main stages linked to the five main locations in her life; at each place she develops to become the woman who narrates the tale. The first fundamental stage of Jane’s development occurs when she is just ten years old, living at Gateshead with her Aunt Reed and three cousins. The name ‘Gateshead’ itself is an illustration of Jane’s imprisonment and isolation. Jane is living with her aunt as she is an orphan, therefore she is expected to be grateful and do as she is told. Jane’s character does not allow her to be completely submissive; nevertheless regular teasing and beatings from her elder cousin have broken down her self-esteem. However, an incident occurs one day where Jane can no longer hold her tongue or her temper. John becomes angry and strikes her, calling her an animal. This in turn causes Jane to lose her temper and cry out: â€Å"Wicked and cruel boy! †¦ You are like a murderer – you are like a slave-driver – you are like the Roman emperors!† Jane has a very compassionate and strong-minded character from a young age; therefore she cannot hide her views as children are expected to. It is at this point Jane realises that she no longer has to be passive; she can fight her fate and express her feelings. She then flies at John in frantic fury. Gothic elements are used in this scene and the scene following, to demonstrate the abnormality of thisShow MoreRelatedJane Eyre Feminist Analysis1066 Words   |  5 Pageshysterical, impudent, and presumptuous for acting on their true nature or their intuition. Jane Eyre, a semi-autobiography by Charlotte Brontà «, is an exemplary novel where an untraditional heroine defies soci etal normality. The female protagonist Jane Eyre exhibits a self-created drive for personal success and a perpetual ambition to learn, characteristics customary of men. After the publication of Jane Eyre, many critics has viewed it through the feminist literary lenses, claiming it to contain biblicalRead More Jane Eyre is one of the earliest English novels with a strong, female1551 Words   |  7 PagesJane Eyre is one of the earliest English novels with a strong, female central character. Do you think she sells out by marrying Rochester, thus enabling a conventional, romantic ending to the novel? He stretched his hand out to be led. (Jane) Form start to finish, this novel has had one strong, female central character - Jane Eyre. We see her fight for independence as a female from her childhood right up until her marriage. These ardent, passionate beliefs do not leave her once marriedRead MoreWomen s Rights During The Victorian Age1486 Words   |  6 PagesDespite being under the rule of a female monarch, women faced many inequalities and suffering during the Victorian age. Examples of these inequalities include not having the right to vote, unequal educational and employment opportunities. Women were even denied the legal right to divorce in most cases. As the Norton Anthology states, these debates over women’s rights and their roles came to be known as the â€Å"woman question† by the Victorians. This lead to many conflicting struggles, such as the desireRead MoreJane Eyre Critical Analysis Essay1011 Words   |  5 PagesIn the second half of Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre, Jane leaves Edward Rochester and stumbles upon the Rivers. Throughout her time at the Moors house, she develops bonds with newfound family and builds confidence as she starts to discover what she truly wants. Even though Jane later discovers that she has been given a fortune, she still decides to return to Rochester to fulfill her passion. As Jane leaves Rochester and discovers family and wealth, she makes one choice after another that showsRead MoreTremendous Spirit and Feminism Displayed in Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre1949 Words   |  8 PagesTremendous spirit. The enviable trait that Jane Eyre from Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre possesses is what stimulates her to achieve self-actualization despite the fact that she is a woman. True feminism isn’t as violent as a handful of vicious extremists claim it to be. The accurate definition of feminism is â€Å"the doctrine advocating women’s social, political, civil, educational and all other rights as equal to those of men.† Women of Charlotte Bronte’s era did not have basic rights such as the aforementionedRead MoreJane Eyre Essay3572 Words   |  15 PagesRhys construct the adult selves of Jane and Antoinette and consider how this shapes their relationship with Rochester. Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea present the childhoods and later lives of two women, who similarly marry the complex character, Mr. Rochester. Both begin their lives as outsiders, Jane because of economic differences to the rest of her family and Antoinette because of racial distinctions to the rest of her community. However, the characters undergo oppositional journeys in lifeRead MoreEssay about Passion and Practicality of Jane Eyre1862 Words   |  8 PagesPracticality of Jane Eyre      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre is a coming-of-age story about an unconventional womans development within a society of strict rules and expectations. At pivotal moments in Janes life, she makes choices which are influenced by her emotions and/or her reason. Through the results of those choices, Jane learns to balance passion and practicality to achieve true happiness.    Jane is a spirited woman, and her emotions give her a strength of character that is unusualRead MoreFeminism In Jane Eyre1729 Words   |  7 Pagescentral themes in many amazing works of literature. This concept represents feminine independence and self-esteem in a male-dominated society. One of the famous authors who convey this idea is Charlotte Brontà « especially in her best-selling novel Jane Eyre in which she discusses the social background of the Victorian society and its effect on women. What society teaches women is not always right; it is up to women to rely on their moral senses to take the proper path for their actions. During the VictorianRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte And The Language Of Flowers2810 Words   |  12 PagesJane Eyre by Charlotte Brontà « and The Language of Flowers by Vanessa Diffenbaugh are two novels, which, despite the secular time difference, share similar characters and events. Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre, and Diffenbaugh’s Victoria Jones face the difficulties of growing into adulthood after a childhood as orphans, however they respond differently to the events that occur in their lives. Both novels express the importance of having love, a home and family, and be forgiving. The authors have unique ways ofRead MoreVictorian Values in Jane Eyre Essay2309 Words   |  10 PagesQueen Victory died in 1901. The Victorian Age is usually divided into three sub-periods: ul li Early Victorian period. li Mid-Victorian period. li Late Victorian period. /ul The period in which Charlotte Bront#235; wrote Jane Eyre (1847) was Early Victorian period, therefore that is the stage of history which I am going to analyze in my essay. The Early Victorian period (1832-1851) The Early Victorian period was a stage of social convulsions and deep transformations

Law and Justice - 4680 Words

Law and Justice Abstract Justice is the quality of being fair or just. This is not an exhaustive definition of justice. Different philosophers have defined justice in different ways. Justice is a concept that provides balance between law and morality. Rawls proposition for law and justice has been accepted by world judicial fraternity as a landmark vision to understand the system. Similarly it has earned a good amount of criticism which shows the basic strength of the thought. As such: Rawls theories of Justice has to be checked and rechecked not because it is best but because it will provide us a starting point to understand this whole world of law and justice. In this paper an attempt has been made to understand and analyze Rawls†¦show more content†¦Rawls claim that the principle â€Å"greatest happiness for greatest number of people† is unjust. He comes up with the principle of fair equality and â€Å"The Difference Principle†. Secondly, utilitarian appears to compromise on the extent of liberty whereas Rawls at his â€Å"original position† theory sees complete liberty. Thirdly, Rawls concept of benefit is different and is wide from Utilitarian’s proposition. Within the concept of Rawls is liberty, opportunity, income, wealth and the foremost is the base of self respect. Theses provide more avenues to exercise autonomy and choice where as utilitarian’s are concerned with welfare, and have lesser choice with individuals. Rawls conducts thought experiment to find out a mutually acceptable principle of justice. He creates a hypothetical concept of â€Å"veil of ignorance† wherein individuals are supposed to be incapable of deciding any special interest. They would be ignorant of their own views on the â€Å"good life†. He asserts that this principle would be chosen by persons reasoning about justice in a situation in which they lack specific knowledge about themselves and their social position. Otherwise this makes them partial to one arrangement of distribution over another. Thus constrained, the parties draw up the principles neither by using moral reasoning, nor by effecting compromises betweenShow MoreRelatedTheories Of Law And Justice761 Words   |  4 PagesEssay #1 Theories of law and justice answers the questions on how/ why in society a person behavior could be seen or handle as a criminal (Akers Sellers, 2009). Also the theory helps explain why a certain behavior is consider illegal and what punishment needs to be taken for that behavior/conduct. To answer these questions, the theory looks at the variables which are social, economic, and economic which has it affects on law and justice (Akers Sellers, 2009). For theories of crime and criminalRead MoreSocial Justice Laws845 Words   |  4 PagesJustice Every action or decision we make is either justifiable or unjustifiable. Justice is usually decided by society or the norm. The norm changes from one society to another. However, there are always laws that can be broken, consequences that must follow, and punishment that must be imparted. Justice can be seen in two different ways, social and criminal. Justice is in the eye of the beholder because we all have different attitudes about right and wrong. Criminal justice is a termRead MoreJustice in Law Enforcement1790 Words   |  8 PagesJustice in Law Enforcement The true concept of justice is a concept involving moral, fair, and impartial treatment of all individuals. Justice is a concept that has many different translations and a concept that can be changed on a case-by-case basis. Justice, as it pertains to law enforcement, is an example of the many faces of justice and how it can be subjective. Conceptually, justice is synonymous with law enforcement. Within this profession, justice can be defined as the ability to treat perpetratorsRead MoreThe Law, Justice, And Stability968 Words   |  4 PagesSociety would be in turmoil if we didn’t have laws. We would live in a barbaric world without rights, justice, and stability. People would have many diverse viewpoints and would never be able to sustain relationships with one another. So the question is: what is the purpose of the law, what is it’s main objective and why is it uniquely capable of achieving unknown answers? The most deceptive motive is because we do in fact have pr otection, justice, stability and relationships in our society. TheRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Law And Justice848 Words   |  4 Pages The Philosophy of Law and Justice Ratika Sharma Monday, September 23, 2014 CLU3M1 Miss Dowhaniuk â€Å"†¦No matter how plain a women may be if truth and loyalty are stamped upon her face all will be attracted to her...† Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was born on October 11, 2014 in New York City, New York. She was the only the only daughter of Anna Hall and Elliot Roosevelt; she was the middle child in her trio of siblings. Her brothers were Elliot Roosevelt Jr. and Gracie Hall RooseveltRead MoreThe Law Of Criminal Justice1714 Words   |  7 PagesCriminal justice is tied into everything in our government, Social programs, Economic, Environmental, and Education. Criminal justice is also biased while being fair on many facets. A very important topic these days are that of the amount of force applied by law enforcement officials. Communities are very displeased with the way police officers are using their abilities to arrest an individual, they believe that police officers are doing it in such a way to inflict pain and disregard the well-beingRead MoreLaw, Not A Court Of Jus tice3077 Words   |  13 Pagesâ€Å"THIS IS A COURT OF LAW, NOT A COURT OF JUSTICE† Introduction It is a common assumption that law and justice are the same things and that the law’s sole purpose is the advancement of justice. Many people wonder whether there is a difference between law and justice: the foregoing play different roles in the legal system albeit having a few similarities. Societies regard the law as a tool that they use to get justice. On the other hand, justice is the ultimate target that societies have endeavoredRead MoreSocial Justice And International Law1511 Words   |  7 Pagesvarying degrees of inequality first hand. My experiences as an immigrant and visible minority have transformed me into an advocate of social justice and made me keenly aware of the complex issues facing immigrants. These experiences have given me the desire to pursue a legal education, with a career goal of becoming a lawyer specializing in labor and international law. I intend to utilize the knowledge gained in helping new immigrants in my adopted country, Canada, gain a foot hold in the Canadian job marketRead MoreLaw And Order Of The Justice System1253 Words   |  6 PagesEvery American rely on the justice system to maintain law and order. Many have the expectations of the justice system to meet and exceed at the necessary objectives of our laws. One the other hand many also expect to have a justice system that is fair and able to rehabilitate offenders. Currently America has an overextended justice system that is falling apart at the joints. The current policies and procedures that focus on crime control, punishment and prevention has been tilted towards punishmentRead MoreThe Relationship Between Law and Justice1465 Words   |  6 PagesExplain the relationship that you think exists between law and justice. The relationship between law and justice has always been a topic of great controversy. Many people rely fully on the law to bring about, what they believe, to be justice, while others are of the opinion that the law is too ‘black and white’ to be wholly regarded as just. The debate of whether a jury is an effective way of bringing forth justice has been present for centuries. The opinion that it is not a reliable way

Cognitive Approaches in Psychology Free Essays

string(169) " that the nurture argument is most represented by the behaviourist approach as behaviourists believe that all behaviour is the outcome of learning through conditioning\." In this essay I will outline two approaches in psychology, compare and contrast them as well discussing the nature and nurture debate regarding both approaches. I will be examining a theorist from each approach outlining and evaluating his theory including the positive alltributes along with the negative. Finally I will include a therapy from each theorist and approach. We will write a custom essay sample on Cognitive Approaches in Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Behaviourist approach focuses on the concept of explaining behaviour by observation, and the belief that our environment is what causes us to behave differently and suffer illnesses. The Behaviourist approach believes that behaviour is influenced by each and every individuals experiences. This could include their background, social and home living circumstances. Behaviourist psychologists argue that when we are born our mind is ‘tabula rasa’ meaning a blank state and that events taking place in our life time can affect and change the way we behave. Behaviour is the the result of stimulus response, i. e all behaviour no matter how complex can be reduced to a simple stimulus response. All behaviour is learnt from the environment. We learn new behaviour through classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is stimulus- response. If a stimulus that results in a emotional response is repeated along with another stimulus which does not cause an emotional response, then eventually the second stimulus will result in the same emotional response. Classical conditioning is therefore learning by association. Some assumptions are made on the behaviourism approach, for example one assumption made is that there is no mind or body dualism and that everything we do is because of behaviour and not because of the mind. A second assumption would be that discovering a stimuli that causes behaviour associations between stimlulus and response will allow us to predict and control behaviour. They also viewed learning as a change of behaviour due to experience. However some critics object against the behaviourist view that behaviour is determined by our enviromnets as psychologist Garrett (1996) suggested that ‘†¦ behaviour is now shaped by what goes on inside their heads†¦ and not simply by what goes on in the external environment’ (p. 19) Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behaviour. Through operant conditioning, an association can be made between a certain behaviour and a consequence for that behaviour. For example if a good thing is presented and a certain behaviour is encouraged then the behaviour will increase, this is called positive reinforement. However if the good thing is taken away then the behaviour will decrease. For example is a dog is told to fetch the ball and every time it fetches the ball it gets rewarded with a treat. This would influence the dogs behaviour to always fetch the ball as it will be rewarded. Another key feature of the behaviourist approach is the social learning theory. The social learning theory focuses on the learning that occurs within a social context. It considers that people learn from one another including such concepts as observational learning, imitation, and modeling. It says that people can learn by observing the behaviour of others and the outcomes of their behaviour. The cognitive approach deals with metal processes or cognitions. These mental processes include memory, thinking and perceptions. Cognition means â€Å"knowing†. Therefore cognition is the mental act or process by which knowledge is acquired. Cognitive psychology has been influenced by the developments in computer science and comparisons have often been made between how a cumputer works and we process information. The main focus of the cognitive approach is how information received from our senses is processed by the brain and how this processing affect how we behave. Cognitive processes show examples of hypothetical constructs. This means that we can not directly analyse processes such as thinking but we can dissect what a person is thinking based on how they act. Cognitive psychologists use laboratory experiments to study behaviour. This is because the cognitive approach is a scientific one. These experiments would involve participants taking part in memory tests in strictly controlled conditions. An assumption made about the cognitive approach is that there exists a circular relationship between learning, meaning and memory. The basis for cognitive theories follows this patern in which what is learned is affected by its meaningfulness, the meaning is determined by what is remebered and the memory is affected by what we learn. The cognitive approach places itself in direct opposition to the behaviourist approach which mostly ignores mental processes. The cognitive approach is internal whereas the behaviourist is external as it focuses on the human environment. The cognitive approach examines behaviour which is directed through the mind rather then the body. It studys the thought processes, memory, language, perception and decision making. Whereas the Behaviourist approach examines our behaviour by our responses to our surroundings and the events taking place around us which may influence us to act in a certain way through imitation. It assumes that we learn things by associating certain events with certain consequences and that we will behave in the way that achieves the most desirable consequences. There are many methods in which the cognitive approach examine. Such as the holistic method which is a view that all aspects of people’s needs such as the psychological, physical and social should be taken into account and seen as a whole. The nature and nurture debate is one of the longest running debates in the area of psychology in which theorists have various different views and opinions. Nurture is the view that everything we learn is through interaction with our surrounding environment, this could include with people, family and mass media. Some assumptions of this approach would be that the nurture theory did not discount that genetics exist but argues that they simply made no difference to how we behave and act. Studies on children temperament showed the most crucial evidence for the nurture theory. Another would be that the nurture argument is most represented by the behaviourist approach as behaviourists believe that all behaviour is the outcome of learning through conditioning. You read "Cognitive Approaches in Psychology" in category "Essay examples" The nature theory focuses on the heredity and specific genes which can determine passing on of traits such as eye colour and skin colour. The nature theory would suggest that even personality, intelligence and aggression is also encoded in our DNA. Some assumptions of this approach would be that behaviour is innate, conditions such a schizophrenia show genetic links and a large amount of research shows that there is a link between hormones and aggression. Behaviourism follows the nurture approach as it studies that we learn from our environment, hence making this approach nurturist. It believes that our behaviour is influenced by our surroundings. Watson- the father of behaviourism quoted: ‘Give me a dozen healthy infants and my own specified world to bring them up in and I will garantee to take anyone at random and train him to become any kind of specialist I might select: doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant chef and yes beggar and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tenancies, abilities, vocations and race of his ancestors. ’ Watson is clearly stating that he could change any person from any different social background and race if he could bring them up in his own way. His statement strongly argues the nurture side of the debate. He argued that human behaviour could be conditioned depending on their surroundings. On the other hand the Cognitive approach is an interaction between the two nature and nurture. As much as it focuses on reactions of the senses to the brain and the mind which make it nature it also has many nurture altributes also. The cognitive psychologist would recognise that experience and the environment also contribute and shape these innate abilities. Piaget’s therory backed this up as he believed that humans use their experiences to construct new understandings. He agreed that both nature and nurture are important, humans move through universal stages due to maturation however the rate they mature in depends on experience. He said that people are, by nature active contributors to their own development. Piaget’s argued that both nature and nurture interact to produce cognitive development. He said that the nature side helps the maturation of the brain and the body, along with the ability to percieve and learn. Whereas the nurture helps with the adaptation of children and how they respond to their enviroment. Bandura was a behaviourist theorist. He believed that there are three sources of models which influenced humans behaviour, these included the family, the mass media and the sub-culture. He conducted a number of experiments in which he carried out on children. One of his experiments involved an inflatable Bobo doll, his aim was to investigate the effects of observing aggression in an adult model. The procedure of this experiment was for it to take place in a playroom containing a range of toys. Young children watched an adult attacking a large inflatable Bobo doll by hitting it with a hammer and saying ‘pow’! Once the adult left the playroom, the behaviour of the children was then observed. A control group of children who did not see the adult attack the doll were also observed in the playroom. The results showed that the children who had seen the adult attack the doll also attacked the doll in similar ways. However the children who had not seen the adult attack the doll did not. The conclusion to this was that children learned particular behaviours towards the Bobo doll through observational learning and then copied the behaviour when given a chance. Two years later he conducted a similar experiment however this time it was to observe the effects on modelling by children of seeing a model reinforced or punished for a behaviour. This experiment, like the previous involved a bunch of children watching and adult kick and attack a Bobo doll but this time get rewarded for it. Another set of children watched the same thing however saw the adult get punished for it. The children in the group that saw the model being punished were later offered a reward if they could reproduce the behaviour they had observed. The results showed that the children in the group that saw the model get punished for the attack were less likely to imitate that behaviour. This experiment concluded that observation is enough for behaviour to be learned, however reinforcement is necessary for the behaviour to be modelled. The values of Bandura’s social learning theory were that it extended the operant conditioning theory. It focused on the idea of the influence of the social environment in behaviour therefore providing an explanation for cultural and individual differences. It could account for individual differences and allowed for more complex human behaviour. Bandura’s theory had a role to play in personality theory and introduces the idea of vicarious learning. Although the criticisms are that his theories are reductionist, environmental and determinism. Reductionist ways of explaining behaviour often examine one single cause ignoring other explanations. Reductionism attempts to understand and describe the human behaviour in terms of simple components or units. Any explanation of behaviour at its simplest can be described as reductionist. This approach reduces a complex behaviour to a simple set of variables which offer the possibilities of identifying a cause and effect. The reductionist approach is therefor a from of determinism. Determinists believe that it is possible to predict behaviour by identifying the cause of behaviour. His theories were also criticised as being environmental, meaning that the environment that he uses in his experiments can affect the human behaviour. The use of violence towards a doll in his experiments were not ethical as he only used children. It was also sociably incorrect as it was influencing violence to receive a reward. The biological influences are ignored, lack cohesiveness and still excludes influences such as emotions. Jean piaget was a psychologist who studied the development of children’s understanding and how their minds work. His theory on how the children’s mind works and develops has been hugely influential, specially in educational theory. Piaget was particularly interested in the way in which a child’s mind matures in the different developmental stages and how their maturing increases their capacity to understand their world. His theory was that all infants have the same structures and they all have innate reflexes and schemas. He believed that children cannot undertake certain tasks until they are psychologically mature enough to do so. He thought that childrens thinking develop at different stages, and that at certain points the mind would mature into different capabilities such as the first transition taking place at 18 months, then at the age of 7 and 11 or 12. He meant that before these ages children could not have a capable understanding of certain things in certain ways. The stages which took place according to this theory were firstly the sensorimotor stage which takes place between birth and two years. At this stage the child can identify itself and acts as an agent of action purposely banging on pots and pans to make noises to hear the reaction. The child can differentiate self from objects and learns object permanence realising that objects still do exist even if they are not in sight. The second stage is the pre-operational stage. This is the stage in which the child learns to use language and images to identify objects. However their thinking is still egocentric indicating that they cannot see things from another persons point of view. This stage usually takes place from the age of two till seven. The third stage is called the concrete operational stage, this takes place between the ages of seven and eleven. The final stage is called the formal operational stage, at this stage children start to think about the future and ideological problems. The child’s cognitive structure is more like that of an adults and includes conceptual reasoning. His theory was successful in the fact that they used his theory as a basis for scheduling in the school curriculum. His theory has a huge influence on the understanding of cognitive development and it was the first comprehensive theory of children’s cognitive development. His theory also challenged the traditional idea of the child being passive in development, also as his theory was scientifically based this made it come across as more accurate. However his theory has received some criticism, some critics challenged some of his developmental stages such as the sensorimotor stage and the pre-operational stage. Gelman questioned what Piaget viewed about children as young as four not being able to take on another persons point of view. Gelman believed that it was possible for children to do so. Behaviour therapy refers to techniques based on classical conditioning. This therapy consists of using learning principles to change maladaptive behaviour. There are a number of various behaviour therapies including systematic desensitisation. This therapy is a form of counter conditioning using a hierarchy of fear. One example could be to remove a phobia of animals. The patient is taught how to relax so that relaxation and fear cancel each other out, to do this hypnosis or tranquillisers may be used. It is believed that it is impossible for a person to experience two opposite emotions at the same time. The systematic part of the therapy involves a recorded series of contacts with the object of the phobia. Whilst relaxing a least frightening image of the object is introduced to the patient until this can be done without the patient having any feelings of anxiety. Some of the therapies based on classical conditioning are effective, such as the systematic desensitisation therapy. However it is mostly effective only for anxiety disorders and addictions. They are more effective in phobias than in psychotic disorders. An advantage is that the therapies are relatively quick and only take a few months to work as oppose to psychodynamic treatment which can take years. There is also a high success rate, McGrath found that systematic desensistisation to be effective for around 75% of people with phobias. In the case of single sessions success, if conducted in one session it is proved that 90% of patients with phobias made vast improvements and some were even fully recovered. Systematic desennsitisation helped treat one of the most difficult phobias to treat called agoraphobia, this therapy however helped between 60-80% of cases. Critics of these therapies would suggest that many patients with phobias may have no recollection of bad experiences with the object and simply just have a phobia, therefore the therapies would not be effective and solve the problem. Psychodynamic theorists would say this is due to the symptom being a sign that something unconscious is wrong with the patient. Another disadvantage is the unpredictable effects that the therapy can have on the patient such as heart attacks and hyperventilating. The cognitive approach has many therapies to explain and modify behaviour. Cognitive forms of therapy include the Ellis rational therapy, which is now more commonly known as rational emotive behaviour therapy. Ellis came to conclusions about patients negative thoughts and their tendencies to catastrophise situations making things seem so much worse then they actually are. This therapy focuses on when irrational thoughts are seen as the main cause of all types of emotional distress and behaviour orders. The aim of this therapy is to exchange the irrational unreasonable with the more positive and realistic beliefs and ways of thinking. Patients are encouraged to ‘look on the bright side’. Ellis identified patients irrational beliefs and ideas which are emotionally self defeating and are mostly associated with psychological problems such as negative thoughts and feelings about ones self. Patients are told to practice certain positive statements like â€Å" I can do† rather then â€Å" I can’t do† to help them create a more positive state of mind. The benefits of using such therapies are that it is a structured therapy with outcomes which are achievable, these methods are becoming more commonly used as they are short term and are cost effective aswell as economically effective. This therapy is appealing towards patients who find insight therapies which look deep into their inner emotions and problems seem less threatening and intimidating. Although there are disadvantages of this therapy. It may not uncover the problem completely, however it does almost try to empower patients to help themselves with their issues and feel better. It also may not work well for adults who are not willing to take part and collaborate with the therapist to achieve a new way of thinking. It may also not be successful for those who feel that they can’t achieve self happiness without something or someone else contributing towards it. This therapy is mostly successful for clients suffering from anxiety disorders, stress management and sexual problems. Studies have shown that this therapy is more effective in depression than drugs are and the relapse rate is proved to be lower with cognitive behavioural therapy. This from of therapy has been proved to be more effective then anti depressants. In conclusion, I have included all the points mentioned in the introduction that I said I would include in my essay, I have outlined and evaluated two approaches and discussed two theorists and therapies for each approach. How to cite Cognitive Approaches in Psychology, Essay examples

ANALIZATION OF CHARACTERS ALL QUIET ON THE WESTE Essay Example For Students

ANALIZATION OF CHARACTERS ALL QUIET ON THE WESTE Essay RN FRONT- PAUL BAUMER Paul Baumer is the 19-year-old narrator of the story. At the front, Pauls special friends in Second Company include his classmates Behm, Kemmerich, Muller, Leer, and Kropp. The six of them were among 20 who enlisted together, prodded on by Schoolmaster Kantorek. Although he doesnt say so, Paul is obviously a natural leader: Franz Kemmerichs mother implored him to look after her son when they left home. Paul is also courageous. He may momentarily panic, but he doesnt break under the most terrible battle conditions. He learns the sound of each type of shell; he dives for cover or grabs his gas mask at the right instant. In one battle, he gently comforts an embarrassed rookie who has soiled his underpants, and later soberly contemplates shooting the same man to spare him an agonizing death after his hip has been shattered. Cool as he is in battle, though, Paul has a hard time making sense of it all. He keeps recalling Behm, the first of his class to die, and when a second- Kemmerich- dies, he rages inwardly at the senseless slaughter of scrawny schoolboys. The callous attitude of commanders and orderlies toward an individual death saddens and disillusions him. His elders were wrong- there is nothing glorious about war- but he has no new values to replace the patriotic myths they taught him. At first his companions seem shallow to him- immediately forgetting the dead and turning their total attention to stockpiling the cigarets and food originally meant for the deceased soldier- and he is at pains to tell us why this callousness is necessary. Gradually, though, he comes to accept their approach: that poetry and philosophy and civilian paper-pushing jobs alike, all are utterly pointless in the midst of so much carnage. All you have is the moment at hand, and getting from it all the physical comfort you can is a worthwhile goal. There is another important element, too, to being with your comrades, as going on leave proves to Paul: no civilian u nderstands you the way these men do, and nothing from your former life sustains you the way their friendship does. These values come together for Paul the evening he joins an older friend, Katczinsky, on a goose-hunting raid. They spend the night roasting the goose before eating it, and each time that Paul awakens for his turn at the basting, he feels Katczinskys presence like a cloak of comfort. At other times, panicked and alone in the dark of the trenches, all it takes to steady his nerves is the sound of his friends voices. If he awakens from a nightmare, the mere sound of their breathing strengthens him: he is not alone. Paul gradually comes to realize that the enemy is no different from himself or from one of his friends. The Frenchman he kills in the trenches, Duval, looks like the kind of man whose friendship he would have enjoyed. The Russian prisoners he guards have the same feelings and desires and needs as he. He comes to see war as the ultimate horror. Its bad enough th at it pits man against man. But even animals and trees and flowers and butterflies are innocently caught up in the carnage inflicted by Man, the great Destroyer. As his friends are killed one by one, Paul can only cling to his newfound beliefs in the brotherhood of all men and the value of the spark of life within each individual. At the end, alone, he has only the blind hope that his own mysterious inner spark will somehow survive and guide him after the war. Otherwise, he sees no meaningful future. Themes 1. THE HORROR OF WAR Remarque includes discussions among Pauls group, and Pauls own thoughts while he observes Russian prisoners of war (Chapters 3, 8, 9) to show that no ordinary people benefit from a war. No matter what side a man is on, he is killing other men just like himself, people with whom he might even be friends at another time. But Remarque doesnt just tell us war is horrible. He also shows us that war is terrible beyond anything we could imagine. All our senses are assaulted: we see newly dead soldiers and long-dead corpses tossed up together in a cemetery (Chapter 4); we hear the unearthly screaming of the wounded horses (Chapter 4); we see and smell three layers of bodies, swelling up and belching gases, dumped into a huge shell hole (Chapter 6); and we can almost touch the naked bodies hanging in trees and the limbs lying around the battlefield (Chapter 9). The crying of the horses is especially terrible. Horses have nothing to do with making war. Their bodies gleam beautifully as they parade along- until the shells strike them. To Paul, their dying cries represent all of nature accusing Man, the great destroyer. In later chapters Paul no longer mentions nature as an accuser but seems to suggest that nature is simply there- rolling steadily on through the seasons, paying no attention to the desperate cruelties of men to each other. This, too, shows the horror of war, that it is completely unnatural and has no place in the larger scheme of t hings. 2. A REJECTION OF TRADITIONAL VALUES In his introductory note Remarque said that his novel was not an accusation. But we have seen that it is, in many places, exactly that. This accusation- or rejection of traditional militaristic values of Western civilization- is impressed on the reader through the young soldiers, represented by Paul and his friends, who see military attitudes as stupid and who accuse their elders of betraying them. In an early chapter Paul admits that endless drilling and sheer harassment did help toughen his group and turn them into soldiers. But he points out, often, how stupid it is to stick to regulations at the front- how insane this basic military attitude becomes in life-and-death situations. One such scene occurs in Chapter 1 when Ginger, the cook, doesnt want to let 80 men eat the food prepared for 150, no matter how hungry they are. Another occurs in Chapter 7 when Paul is walking around in his hometown and a major forces him to march double ti me and salute properly- a ridiculous display, considering what he has just been through at the front. The emptiness of all this spit and polish shows up again in Chapter 9 when the men have to return the new clothes they were issued for the Kaisers inspection: rags are whats real at the front. The betrayal of the young by their elders becomes an issue on several occasions. In the first two chapters of the book we learn how misguided Paul was by the teachings of parents and schoolmasters. We also see how older people cling to the Prussian mythof the glory of military might when Paul goes home on leave in Chapter 7. The Kaisers visit in Chapter 9 adds some hints of Remarques specific disillusionment with the leaders of his own country. From a broad study of literature and world history, we can see that these older people were not individually to blame for their views. They were simply handing on what was handed on to them. Still, we can also understand why Paul and his friends are so bitterly disappointed and so angry to discover that their elders were wrong. Most readers feel alittle sad that young men should consider the act of ridiculing adults their greatest goal in life, but we can also understand why they take revenge on Himmelstoss and Kantorek (Chapters 3 and 7). We even get a certain kick out of what they do, understanding their need to take out their disappointment on someone they know. These situations are, in miniature, an acting out of the bitter anger and disillusionment Paul feels when he says in Chapter 10, It must all be lies and of no account when the culture of a thousand years could not prevent this stream of blood being poured out. 3. FRIENDSHIP: THE ONLY ENDURING VALUE The theme of comradeship occurs often and gives the novel both lighthearted and sad moments. In Chapter 5 its easy to overlook how the farmer felt about having his property stolen and to chuckle aloud when Paul is struggling to capture the goose! We appreciate the circle of warmth that encloses him and Kat that night as they slowly cook and eat the goose, and then extend their warm circle by sharing the leftovers with Kropp and Tjaden. In Chapter 10 we enjoy their sharing of the pancakes and roast pig and fine club chairs at the supply dump, and we understand why Paul fakes a high temperature to go to the same hospital as Albert Kropp. Friendship emerges as an even more important theme at the front. In Chapters 10 and 11 we see men helping wounded comrades at great personal risk- or even, like Lieutenant Bertinck, dying for their friends. The handing on of Kemmerichs fine yellow leather boots also acts as a symbol of friendship- a symbol we can almost touch, and one that keeps us aware of how deeply a soldier feels the loss of each of his special friends. We can understand how hearing the voices of friends when one is lost (Chapter 9) or even just hearing their breathing during the night (Chapter 11) can keep a soldier going. We grieve with Paul and a lmost put down the book when Kat dies. 4. A GENERATION DESTROYED BY WORLD WAR I Taking all of the themes together and adding Paul and his friends hopeless discussions of what is left for them to do after the war (Chapter 5), we can conclude that Remarque succeeds in his main theme: showing that Pauls generation was destroyed by the Great War, as World War I was then called. CharacterIn the case of All Quiet, Paul is young and immature. Until he enlisted, he had never experienced real pain or tragedy in his life. Older people generally know from experience that human beings can survive incredible pain and still find meaning in life. Paul hasnt had any time to gain that kind of experience to sustain him. Therefore its asking quite a bit to have us accept, from him, whole theories about war and life and the nature of human beings. Still, whatever Paul might lack in age or experience is balanced for us by the honesty and sensitivity we see in him. Over all, then, in All Quiet on the Wes tern Front, the advantages of first person narration outweigh the disadvantages. There is a perfect fit of first person point of view with what Remarque wanted to say about World War I- that it destroyed a whole generation of the young. How better to show us that than to let us experience the war through the eyes of a young soldier? Remarque is proposing the view that human existence can no longer be regarded as having any ultimate meaning. Baumer and his comrades cannot make sense of the world at large for the simple reason that it is no longer possible to do so, not just for this group of ordinary soldiers, but for a substantial proportion of his entire generation. Remarque refuses to lull his reader into a false sense of security, into thinking that God is in his heaven and all is right with the world. The Destructiveness of WarThis is a major theme of this novel. Throughout this book, the men are exposed to limbs being blown off, blood flow everywhere, and innocent men dying in pain and agony. When they take shelter, bombs explode around them and they observe men squirm in order to save themselves. The destructive power of war is so great that even the fundamental difference between life and death become blurred. ALL QUIET ON TE WESTERN FRONT Essay ComradesThe theme of comraderie, or friendship, occurs constantly in the novel. The friendship held within Pauls company keeps them from being driven insane by the horrors that surround them. These young men were brought to fight on the battlefield almost directly from the schoolyard. AlienationAt first Paul and his friends still behave as if their lives will someday return to normal. In the middle of the book, Paul goes home on leave, only to discover that his real home is now with his friends on the front. By that time, Kat dies, and Paul geels that his own life no longer has meaning. Although Paul comes to think of his comrades as brothers, he also learns that all men are brothers under their skin. The irony of war is that brothers are forced to kill each other. Paul expresses this theme when he showed compassion for the captured Russian soldiers and the French soldier he kills in the trench.hough Paul comes to think of his comrades as brothers, he also learns that all men are brothers under their skin. The irony of war is that brothers are forced to kill each other. Pauls expresses this theme when he showed compassion for the captured Russian soldiers and the French soldier he kills in the trench.

Health Insurance Research Paper Example

Health Insurance Paper Let me start by saying that numerous studies have indicated that there are many people in the USA who do not realize the importance of health insurance. How many of us know, for example, that the average cost of an MRI is nearly $2,000 and that heart bypass surgery costs about $57,000? Or that the average cost of a 30-day prescription of one name brand drug is $72 compared to $22 for the generic equivalent? One major factor people do not invest in health insurance is because they feel that their health and sometimes the health of the spouse and children are covered by their jobs.   While this is true that most people are covered through the workplace, it is equally true that when these people lose their jobs, they also lose their health benefits. According to experts in this field, on average, for each jobless worker who has lost insurance, at least one child or spouse covered under the same policy has also lost protection. We will write a custom essay sample on Health Insurance specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Health Insurance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Health Insurance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The situation and the need to invest in health insurance are aptly summed up by Senator Sherrod Brown, Democrat of Ohio. â€Å"No matter how bad the condition of the economy — we can’t delay pursuing comprehensive health care,† said Senator Sherrod Brown, Democrat of Ohio. â€Å"There are too many victims who are innocent of anything but working at the wrong place at the wrong time† (The New York Times). Purchasing health insurance becomes all the more imperative for the elderly. The risks of experiencing major health problems and incurring substantial medical expenses increase dramatically for people ages 55–64, so the consequences of lacking insurance may be more severe (W. Johnson and S. Crystal). Recent studies reveal that uninsured American adults receive less appropriate care and fewer needed health services than their insured peers. The same study also suggests on the need for health insurance to improve quality in services. According to it, coverage to the near-elderly uninsured may greatly improve health outcomes for these groups (J.Z. Ayanian). These figures point to the importance of buying health insurance. According to a study In 2006, Americans spent over $7,000 per capita on health care, up from $2,400 in 1980 and $800 in 1960 (all in 2006 dollars). National health care spending has grown more rapidly than the economy as a whole, so health care accounts for an increasing share of the overall economy (Chart 4-1). National health care spending now accounts for about 16 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), up from 9.1 percent in 1980 and only 5.2 percent in 1960. Yet the scene has now changed dramatically. According to the Census Bureau, After climbing steadily for six years, the number of Americans without health insurance dropped by more than a million in 2007, to 45.7 million (Ian Urbina). The health experts also reiterate this by pointing out that the rate of people without health insurance in the USA went down by 15.3 percent in 2007, from 15.8 percent a year earlier. Health insurance can greatly help to bring down your medical bills and also provide you the much needed security if you are unfortunate enough to be suffering from any kind of disease. This is because as medical care advances, so do the costs for treatment. The very purpose of health insurance is to provide you the much needed care you require in difficult times. Health insurance not only protects you and your family financially in times of unexpected injury or illness but can also provide you with preventive care options. Remember that you can never predict what your medical bills will be. In some years they may be low and in others they may be high but at all times you will atleast have your piece of mind knowing that you and your family are protected against diseases and injuries. Also keep in mind that there is a direct relationship between health insurance and health care. For one, you are free of tensions and secondly health insurance provides for regular visits by the doctor and so you get quality services when you need it. You can buy health insurance for yourself and your family directly from insurance companies. However, before making a choice, do take time to study various health plans and then buy which best fits your requirements. Let me point out that you have a choice of buying Managed health care, which has quickly become the most common type of health insurance in the United States. With health care costs almost constantly on the rise, managed care health insurance can offer a more affordable option to traditional fee-for-service (or indemnity) plans. Managed plans stress preventative medicine too, so if most of your annual medical expenses come from check-ups and the like, this may be a good bet. You also have the option of taking an indemnity plan. This plan on the other hand, will almost certainly be more expensive, but if you have a trusted physician youd like to keep, or suffer from frequent illness, the additional cost is probably worth it. I conclude by saying that national health care expenditures are expected to nearly double over the next 10 years. Thats largely due to the increased use and cost of prescription drugs, advances in medical technology and treatments, hospital equipment and services, increased specialty care, over-use of emergency rooms for non-emergency needs, and other factors. In the light of this the only way out for us is to ensure that we have health insurance to tide us through the rough weather. References The Importance of Health and Health Care. Chapter 4 http://www.whitehouse.gov/cea/2008_erp_ch4.pdf J.Z. Ayanian et al., Unmet Health Needs of Uninsured Adults in the United States, Journal of the American Medical Association 284, no. 16 (2000) The New York Times. When a Job Disappears, So Does the Health Care http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/07/us/07uninsured.html?blex=1228798800en=8a47220b90bc54e4ei=5087%0A Ian Urbina. A Decline in Uninsured Is Reported for 2007. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/27/washington/27census.html?_r=1 W. Johnson and S. Crystal. R.W. Johnson and S. Crystal, Health Insurance Coverage at Midlife: Characteristics, Costs, and Dynamics, Health Care Financing Review 18, no. 3 (1997):

Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Cutting for Maggie monologue essays

Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Cutting for Maggie monologue essays One of those no-neck monsters hit me with a hot buttered biscuit so I have to change! Well, I! - just remarked that! - one of th no-neck monsters messed up my lovely lace dress so I got to cha-a-ange! I swear theyve got no necks. None visible. Their fat little heads are stuck on their fat little bodies without a bit of connection. An its too bad, cause you cant wring their necks if theyve got no necks to wring! Yep, theyre monsters, all right. All no-neck people are monsters. Hear them? Hear them screaming? I dont know where their voice boxes are located since they dont have necks. I tell you I got so nervous at that table tonight I thought I would throw back my head and utter a scream you could hear clear across the Arkansas border and parts of Louisiana and Tennessee. I said to your charming sister-in-law, Mae, honey couldnt you feed those precious little thing at a separate table? They make such a mess and the lace cloth looks soooo pretty... She made enormous eyes at me and said, Ohhhhhh, no! On Big Daddys birthday? Why, he would never forgive me! Well, I want you to know, Big Daddy hadnt been at that table two minutes with them no-neck monsters slobbering an drooling over their food before he threw down his fork and shouted Fo Gods sake, Gooper! Why dont you feed them pigs at a trough in the kitchen?! Well, I swear, I simply could have dii-ie-ed! -Big Daddy shares my attitude towards Brother man and that monster of fertility Mae! As for me, well - I give him a laugh now and then and he tolerates me. In fact, - I sometimes suspect that Big Daddy harbors a little unconscious lech for me. Way he always drops his eyes down my body when Im talking to him, drops his eyes to my boobs an licks his old chops! Ha ha! - Why are ...

Environmental Pollution Scenario Review and Summary Research Paper

Environmental Pollution Scenario Review and Summary - Research Paper Example The paper "Environmental Pollution Scenario Review and Summary" analyzes environmental pollution scenario. There are seven measures we are to choose from as the budget allows to implement only 4 of them. Thus, when deciding which ones to choose, it is essential to use the method of elimination. In other words, it is important to define three measures, which are not very efficient and will not bring appreciable results. First of all, it is encouraging carpooling. This measure is not efficient in the modern world, as all the people have cars. In any case, they would prefer to use their own cars instead of waiting for a bus. People buy cars to make their way to work comfortable, because public transportation is not comfortable enough. This method could have been effective twenty years ago, but not now. Moreover, people want to be free and not to adjust to buses’ schedule. Buses will not be used by people, and the introduction of them will just add to the environmental pollution. The same can be stated about the encouraging of alternative transportation. People know pretty well that walking is useful for their health, but when they risk being late for work in the morning, they usually do not think about this usefulness. Several extra minutes spent drinking coffee in the morning are valuable for many people with an active way of life. They buy cars to have these extra minutes. Pollution control legislation for point sources also will not bring good results as people usually do not approve. of such laws and they do not work. The trouble is that such legislation demands much from the business owners and they prefer to actively reject such laws. The cruel laws of business make business owners think first of all about getting more income and reducing expenses, thus, there is very little chance that they would prefer to sacrifice their positions at the market in order to help save the environment. They prefer to consider such laws to be the measures taken to preve nt them from conducting successful activity. It is essential not to issue the laws, but to act. Four remaining items will really help reduce pollution, thus, the funds should be spent to implement them. The first important step is to establish green spaces or urban forestry. The development of the city demands building new houses and this usually requires eliminating some green spaces (Harding, 2006). However, if such a situation occurs, it is necessary to reimburse the losses by establishing new green spaces near the new building. The second essential step is to improve the roads as good roads help the cars make fewer emissions. This is one of the most expensive measures, but it is very essential to implement it. Promoting fuel-efficient cars is a very important measure that is taken in almost every developed country today. Such measure really can help save our environment and reduce pollution. Certainly, it demands much expense, but the game is worth the candle. Fuel-efficient car s should be manufactured and widely used by the people to save our environment, thus, it is essential to encourage people to use them. The last essential step is random emission testing, and it will serve to evaluate the changes the first three

Portfolio management Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Portfolio management - Statistics Project Example In this project, the prices of the stocks provide the weights of the portfolios for all the stocks provided. The monthly returns for the stocks in the investment pool are calculated with the formula in equation 1 below: Where xp is the monthly expected return, pi is the weight of the portfolio and n is the average number of assets. The values of calculation of the expected monthly returns are presented in the table 1 presented below: The returns computed for the years of this study show the expected return increasing from left to right for all the stocks except IBM that drops at the end of the period within the time series. The stock returns values experience wide variance due to the fluctuation in portfolio weights across the period. The process of refining the investment involved ignoring the portfolio with low weights and retaining the high weight portfolio. The selection aimed at picking 3 stocks with the best returns to represent the high efficiency required in the pool decision. The high efficiency stocks were found to be IBM and MMM. The decision was made on the values based on the original currency returns. The time series for the refined investment pool carries the following stock: The major reason for reducing the number of stocks in the refined investment is that many assets have caused a wide variation of the portfolio weights and return on investment (Tobin 1958, p. 65). The analysis sets up individual each of the assets independently to as to classify them as either risky assets or risk free assets using the correlation projections. The refinement judges the investment by their return, hence; it operates with the few selected manageable stocks to reduce the portfolio size by ignoring the low return stocks. The tangent portfolio was constructed using the Matlab program. The program uses the data entries from the covariance matrix with the new weights of portfolios. The mean return values and the optimal portfolio

International Management Ethics and Values Essay - 1

International Management Ethics and Values - Essay Example She’s frequently hungry and almost always tired, she said. â€Å"Living and working like this, by the time you are twenty, you are already old, and your health is failing. When you reach thirty, they fire you. It is not just. I have no savings. I have nothing.† Akter came to Washington to tell her story as a coalition of civic, labour and religious organizations launched a public campaign seeking to highlight what it calls labour abuses in Bangladesh and other poor nations. Spearheading the push is Charles Kernaghan, the labour activist who exposed poor working conditions at Central American factories that made goods for the Kathie Lee Gifford clothing line. Wal-Mart Stores Inc. spokesman Bill Wertz acknowledged there have been â€Å"violations of working hour standards† at the factory where Akter works. He said the retail giant is trying to work with the suppliers to make improvements. If the manufacturer doesn’t shape up, Wertz said, Wal-Mart may sever i ts ties to the factory. â€Å"We can’t condone certain kinds of practices and won’t do business with companies that fail to improve,† he said. That’s what Akter is afraid of. If Wal-Mart terminates its purchasing agreements with the factory, she and her co-workers could find themselves without jobs. Lisa Rahman, nineteen, of Dhaka, Bangladesh, said that’s what happened at the factory where she used to work after she and other workers began complaining about bad working conditions, including twelve hour workdays, filthy restrooms and unsanitary drinking water. She worked at the Shah Makhdum factory, which made goods for Walt Disney Co., including clothing in its Winnie the Pooh line. â€Å"I was crying all the time,† she said. After workers at the plant complained and took their woes to the media, Disney pulled out of the factory, leaving 200 employees out of work, she said. Mark Spears, Disney’s compliance director, said the company h as â€Å"experienced poor conditions, in Bangladesh.† When the company investigated the allegations, it found that conditions were not as serious as workers had alleged. But its subcontractor decided to cease buying goods from the manufacturer. â€Å"Clearly the publicity may not have helped,† Spears said. Kernaghan said the ease with which multinational corporations relocate has a chilling effect on the willingness of workers to speak out about what he said are widespread abuses of workers in many poor countries. He said he has been urging Disney and other companies to stay and work to improve conditions rather than exit quickly to avoid bad publicity. â€Å"All it would take is one word from Michael Eisner,† Disney’s chairman and CEO, and the jobs could return to the factory where Rahman worked, he said. â€Å"Bangladesh has good labour laws,† said officials from the country. â€Å"It is unlikely any factories would permit such poor working cond itions,† they added. â€Å"Can a person work eighteen hours a day?† said Mohammed G. Hussain, commerce counsellor for Bangladesh’s embassy in Washington. â€Å"It’s impossible.† The officials questioned why Kernaghan and his associates are raising the sweatshop issue publicly, pointing out that it could affect employment in the deeply impoverished nation, where 40 percent of adults are unemployed. Adapted from K.G. Grimsley, â€Å"‘Already Old’ In Bangladesh†, The Washington Post, 25 September 2002, as reprinted in J.K. Milne, Ethics for International Business

Design of a SCADA System

Design of a SCADA System 1. Introduction: The main purpose of this assignment is to design a simple SCADA system to monitor and provide supervisory control of a Bytronic Associates Industrial Control Trainer (ICT) through an Allen- Bradlley Micrologic 1000PLC using the Sistemi Winlog Pro software. From the design of PLC ladder logic program which was developed using RS-logic for the ICT, this assignment of the system will add a higher level of control through software and provide a beginning to the industrial SCADA systems. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA): SCADA is Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. In 1993, SCADA system was required to examine the site for the distribution systems and also for the electrical supply. There was a discussion on the SCADA system that which system would be more a suitable for the site. Almost for each and every packaged systems are combined with the complete SCADA system purchase which is different to the method of basic component as when it is used in single meters. As we are aware of placing both the meters into the switch gears at the substation and also in building switchgears. It is more effective estimated for the SCADA systems to examine the status of electrical power supply systems. In 1994 using the Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs)and a DOS based SCADA software package are utilized by the Utility department to start the installation for the SCADA systems. The energy management department is one of the departments in the Utility division required to collect the data from the building meters. The IDEs which provide a communication to the SCADA software as well as an analogue output signal (KW) that can be read by the building energy management system. In this building energy management system, it records the signal to track the electrical energy demand and Kilo Watt Hours (KWH). The SCADA software is a graphical package using a Window NT Operation System. This system is manufactured by the Power Measurement Ltd (PML) provides the programming required to include real AutoCad site map, a diagram and also to present the accurate time information on the header of the graphical conditions. Objects like switch status, all the power system parameters, alarms and so on. Additionally, this system also allow the facilities operations like utility system, bitmap to achieve the big pictures to set at the background, and also the channel down to the single line as required. SCADA system automatically generates an alarm and can also easily expandable as per the application required. The new systems can easily expandable and flexible to the use as IDEs meter are added. The following are the function that are utilized more and more as the SCADA system is expanded. Automatic reporting will be taken with the replacement of manual meter reading. They need to respond quickly when the real time alarms and data operators the information. The Utility Department can be practical in providing the customers about the quality information. The main benefits of using the SCADA software are Switching and Paralleling Operations: Verification of the physical change in the switch operator position was not accessible while using of remote SCADA applications Power Quality: As needed, generally after a result or upon query from building users the power quality reports are requested. Hospital and Medical School Emergency Services Status: From the Cogeneration Plant, Hospital Emergency Power Feeders are monitored to verify the accessibility of the services, on a continual basis. This prevents the remote possibility that the service is not available or available. Outage Record: Position incident analysis is essential to avoid reoccurrence of similar outages and power failures. Substation Security Fires and Door Alarms: Early on in the design of the SCADA application, it was determined that fire/smoke detectors were required in all substation switch gear rooms. This utility, along with the door alarm contacts, provides the system operators with the ability to respond immediately to these types of actions. 2. System Description: PLC Diagram Description: In PLC the programs are fabricated based upon the ‘gates simultaneously with the inputs, timers, counters, outputs, internal memory bits, analog inputs, comparators, analog output etc. Inputs: The physical connections that are connected to the PLC are switches, pushbuttons, sensors and anything which acts like a switch or signal to the state of ON and OFF position. The voltages that accept to some of the devices are 24V DC and some may not; it may vary. The switch when it is in ON state, then status of the device bit is ‘1 and when it goes to OFF state the status of the device bit is ‘0. Output: The result that appears from the input devices is the communication between the PLC and other terminals. They are used to control the solenoids, sensors, and connectors etc to on and off position. In the PLC, there are 8 sensors and 5 actuators were used. The result from each sensor response the actuators and other sensors to perform the task. These eight sensors has different task they are Sensor1: It detects the presence of peg in the upper sort area. Sensor2: It detects the components in front of the solenoid at the upper sort area of the ring chute. Sensor3: It detects the presence of ring in assembly area. Sensor4: It is used to commence assembling. Sensor5: It is used to terminate the assembling. Sensor6: It is used to detect the complete assemblies. Sensor7: It is used to detect the components at the lower sort area. Sensor8: It is used to detect the components and assemblies near the reject area solenoid. The purpose of 5 actuator which are used in PLC area are Actuator1: It drives the upper chain conveyor motor. Actuator2: It drives the lower chain conveyor motor. Actuator3: It knocks the ring in the ring chute. Actuator4: It releases the ring into the assembly area. Actuator5: It rejects the unassembled components. Relay: A relay is a switch which is operated on the electromagnetic. Counters: when a pre-assigned count value is reached, the digital counters are in the form of relay contact. Timers: Timer consists of internal clock, a count value register and an accumulator which is used to count the time. When peg and ring moves in the upper sort area, the peg moves into to the peg chute through the detection of the sensor1 and the ring moves into the ring chute through the actuator 3. And the actuator 4 is to allow the ring in to the space where the sensor 3 detects the ring for the assembling the ring into the peg in the lower sort area. The sensor 6 it to detect the complete assembled components. The actuator 4 has some delay time for allowing the ring in to assembling area. The sensor 8 is to detect the unassembled component and the actuator 5 is to reject the unassembled components. Sensor number Sensor type, location and function. PLC Input 1 Download-looking reflective IR sensor at the upper sort area. Detects the presence of a peg near to and in front of the solenoid at the top of the ring chute. I: 0/4 2 Sideways-looking reflective IR sensor at the upper sort area. Detects a component in front of the solenoid at the top of the ring chute. I: 0/1 3 Reflective IR sensor at the assembly area. Detects the presence of component at the very bottom of the ring chute beyond the rotary solenoid. I: 0/0 4 Black pushbutton. Used to commence assembling say. I: 0/18 5 Red pushbutton. Used to terminate assembling, say. I: 0/19 6 Capacitive sensor, near the lower sort area. Detects the presence of passing complete assembles near the reject solenoid at the motor end of the lower conveyor. I: 0/6 7 Reflective IR sensor at capacitive sensor near lower sort area I: 0/3 8 Reflective IR sensor at the lower sort area. Detects the presence of components and assemblies in front of the reject solenoid at the motor end of the lower conveyor. I: 0/2 9 Through-beam IR sensor, just after the assembly area. Detects components on the lower conveyor leaving the assembly area. I: 0/5 Actuator No. Actuator type, location and desired function PLC Output 1 Upper conveyor motor. Drives the upper toothed chain conveyor O: 0/3 2 Lower conveyor motor. Drives the lower plain belt conveyor. O: 0/4 3 Solenoid at upper sort area. Knocks rings into the ring chute. O:0/0 4 Rotary solenoid at the bottom of the ring chute before the assembly area. Releases rings into the assembly area. O: 0/1 5 Solenoid at the reject area. Rejects unassembled components before the complete assembly collection tray. O: 0/2 Using the winlog Pro software, the PLC system can be operated through the ladder program by shutting down the RSlogix and assigning the sensor input pins to the digital gates and actuator output pins to the digital gates. These functions are performed by four kinds of SCADA components: Sensors (either digital or analog) and control relays that directly interface with the managed system. Remote telemetry units (RTUs): These are small computerized units deployed in the field at specific sites and locations. RTUs serve as local collection points for gathering reports from sensors and delivering commands to control relays. SCADA master units: These are larger computer consoles that serve as the central processor for the SCADA system. Master units provide a human interface to the system and automatically regulate the managed system in response to sensor inputs. The communications network that connects the SCADA master unit to the RTUs in the field. 3. Requirements: The minimum requirements for the SCADA to perform and control the operation of PLC manually are By replacing the physical push buttons, providing start/stop to control the ICT from the SCADA. Display the state of all sensors and actuators using the digital gates displays such as LED or animations. Display the count of the number of rings in the chute at any time (this may also extend to the number of completed assembled and rejected components. Provide a means of resetting the ring count a value among 0 to 5 (in the event of malfunction). Create a template with a background bitmap that is either a schematic diagram of the ICT or the actual photograph of the kit. At least one alarm condition example when a component is rejected or the ring in the chute is more than four. Constraints: In the numerical gates of winlog pro, the LED components cannot be kept because these are used only for counting the rings in the chute and also for the rejecting the components in the chute. In the digital gates of winlog pro, the sensors, actuators, LED and switches are kept. It does not accept the counts. 4. SCADA System Design: The design of a simple control application based on the micrologix DF1 protocol, but the design of more complex systems can be solved using the SCADA. It is easy to understand and approach the winlog Pro software and also to communicate the other devices. For every new application, the system has to know the external devices, addresses and communication protocol to communicate from one device to the other devices. In PLC, the program runs between the one of two states for every second in order to maintain the count. According to the SCADA, for each state the LED will be shown and also for the count will be shown. The PLC program will be started and stopped by using the switch on SCADA. For creating the variables database devices in the gates of Winlog Pro software, we have to consider the numeric, digital and event alarms according to our applications. Numeric gates consists of all the variables that refers to the analogue quantity like counts, set points and so on that can expressed in the form of a bytes, a word, a double word, an integer or by a floating point variable. In this application, the numeric gates are used for the counting, rejecting components, complete counts and also for resetting of both complete and reject counts. Digital gates consists of all the variables that refers to the digital status like alarm conditions, sensors, actuators, configuration option and so on. It can be expressed by a single bit. In this application, the digital gates are used for the input sensors, output actuators and for solenoids and also for switches and pushbuttons. Event/alarm is also used in this application for the purpose of showing the rings in the chute if the rings in the chute are more than four. This configuration is used for the intention of activating the solenoid. The following table shows, the numeric variables configurations are made according to the applications are; Continuation with the table The following table shows, the digital variables configurations are made according to the applications are; The following table shows the event/alarm gates configuration are made according to the applications. And this gate cannot read from the devices but the status will be displayed while at runtime. This gate is provided for the attention of the ring in the chute if the ring in the chute is more than four and we also can create more alarms using this gate configuration. After creating of the gates configurations, we must save it and create the new templates in order to get all the gates for the application and these gates are used for each and every achievement to perform the operation on the particular gates configuration. After adding all the gates, insert all the active label objects like LED, switch and so on and also include the gate to each label to perform the operation when the gate is used in the ladder program. After completion of adding all the gates, label, chart and bitmap, save the complete configurations. And execute the program. After the completion of the template design, we must assign the simple code using the name as â€Å"Main† in the Winlog Pro code. It is used only for the function that will open for the main template at the application startup. The following figure shows the final template design thats required for the applications are; The above figure represents the complete design of template after arranging all the gates and chart and bitmap. 5. Testing: After the creation of the templates and Winlog Pro code in the software, close the Winlog Pro and run the RSLogix 500 to create the program and download the Micrologix 1000 ladder program listed in the section. After downloading, go to the Run mode and shutdown the RSLogix 500 and also RSLogix service. Restart the Winlog Pro software, to run the project in project manager and select Execute from project menu. Then after executing the project, it will moves in run mode to start the project according to the application requirements. Winlog Pro samples variables from devices and processes the results in graphical representations. When the project that where done by the users to startup then it automatically achieves the main templates. By clicking the switch object label, we can start and stop the execution of the program. When the program is in running mode, we can see the number of rings that the actuator 3 pushes into the chute and the peg that enter into the peg chute by the detection of the sensor 1 And if the ring in the chute is more than four then the alarms will be in active (blowing condition) mode that informs the ring cant allow into the ring chute more. The count display the number of ring in the ring chute and edit box is to editing the value that enter in it. By clicking the toggle switch, we can reset both the completed assembles and rejecting components. We can select the chart to show the graphical representation of the counts and digital like pushbutton and switches. The chart also displays the group of variables that we want to display. The below figure displays the switch button is in ON condition and the counting of ring in chute is 5. If the ring count is more than four in the chute then the alarm blows. And resetting all the completed assembles and rejected assembles. The chart 1 describes the switch buttons (black color) and pushbuttons (blue color) when it is in ON condition. The chart 2 describes the count of the rings in the chute (green color), completed assembled components (lite blue color) and rejected components (red color). The below figure shows the counting of rings in the chute (green color), completed assembled components (lite blue color) and rejecting the components (red color) when the switch button is in ON condition. 6. Discussion: Utility System Operators need to be able to continue to remotely and instantaneously, identify electrical Power System Failures at any location in the distribution system. Accurate real time alarming and historical information is needed to continually meet the needs of a diverse community of energy users. A continuation of the demands for high reliability and accurate performance and trending data is paramount is the long term benefits of the SCADA systems. Approaching the SCADA system design for an application is the first time and in particular Winlog Pro software, it can be easily to communicate with other devices using the RS-232 9pin connector. Winlog Pro software can accessible easily and understand quickly to the external devices. For different applications, the design of the system for each device should be addressable and the list of all the variables can read or write to the devices. And for the applications the gates configuration should be addressable. Depending on the ladder program the address should be made and we can design different templates. Without any restrictions of all the winlog pro licenses software, it can provide the functions, development tools and communication protocol. The software toolbox acknowledges the continuous efforts of sielco sistemi to make the winlog pro more competitive and attractive. This powerful, low cost and easy to use SCADA software is indeed collecting increasing agreement among Italian and international users. Winlog Pro is simple, flexible and more economical in real time applications. It provides the differ tool like gates builders, templates, code builders. It allows the drivers to interface and communicate with all the electronic devices like PLCs, I/O modules and so on. Conclusion: Using the Winlog Pro software, the results that are required for the project are achieved. Using this software, we are assigning all the object labels to the gates configuration. The counts the numbers of rings are assigned to the numeric gate and the digital gates like LED, sensors and actuators and solenoids are assigned to this gate. For each and every gate the address will be allocated. The ladder program that where written in RSlogic 500 should be downloaded and switch it to run mode. Close the RSlogic and execute the project that was done in winlog Pro software project manager. Thus, the program and the logic were tested and the results are achieved successfully without any error. References: Referred notes by J.G.Pierce. http://www.sielcosistemi.com/en/products/winlog_scada_hmi/

The Americans With Disabilities Act Essay -- Argumentative Healthcare

"The Americans With Disabilities Act is one of the most significant laws in American History. The preamble to the law states that it covers 43,000,000 Americans."(Frierson, p.3) Before the Americans With Disabilities Act(A.D.A.) was passed, employers were able to deny employment to a disabled worker, simply because he or she was disabled. With no other reason other than the persons physical disability were they turned away or released from a job. The Americans With Disabilities Act prevented this type of discrimination by establishing rules and regulations designed to protect persons with physical disabilities. With a workforce made up of 43,000,000 people, it is impossible to ignore the impact of these people. The Americans With Disabilities Act not only opened the door for millions of Americans to get back into the workplace, it is paving the road for new facilities in the workplace, new training programs and creating jobs designed for a disabled society. I believe the Americans With Disabilities Act is the most important precedent set in the struggle against all discrimination for persons with disability. In this paper I will give a brief description of the statutes set by the Americans With Disabilities Act, pertaining to disabilities in the workplace. I will then discuss what employers are required to do according to the A.D.A. and some of the regulations they must abide by. The next section of this paper will discuss the actual training of employees with disabilities with a highlight on training programs for workers with mobility and motion disabilities. The following section of this paper will discuss the economic effects of a vocational rehabilitation program. Finally this paper will conclude with a brief discussion of what the measures set by the Americans With Disabilities Act means to the actual workers and people it benefits. The Americans With Disabilities Act The Americans With Disabilities Act has a section devoted to nothing but practices by employers regarding the treatment of applicants and on staff workers based on their physical condition or any health problems they may have. Some of the disabilities included are vision, hearing, motion, or mental impairments. "Title I of the Americans With Disabilities Act prohibits employers from discriminating against qualified individuals with disabilities in job application procedures, hi... ...ersons with disabilities to function as a productive member of society. Or what is thought to be a productive member, in that this person can be completely independent both in the home and in the workplace. Technology, persistence, and understanding makes it all happen. Now go back and look at the person who had a disability take control of his or her life. That person is no longer, hiding in the shadows, he is out, proudly contributing and living his life to the best of his ability. Also this person can support himself with a regular paycheck, not a government aid or the help of family and friends. This aspect in particular is of extreme importance to many disabled Americans. The ability to survive on their own, not having to be dependent on someone or some group to provide food, clothing or shelter, isn't that what we all want anyway? That is why the Americans With Disabilities Act is the most important precedent set in the struggle to end all discrimination against disabled people. Although there will always be some discrimination and prejudice against all groups in society, at least now one of those groups has the opportunity to prove themselves in an unforgiving society.

Group Development Model Essay

You are required to organize your company dinner. The company has chosen 20 people from various departments to be in the dinner committee. Using a group development model, discuss the stages that the group will go through from the beginning to the end of the task (organizing dinner). A group is defined as two or more interacting and interdependent individuals who come together to achieve specific goals. Formal groups are working groups defined by the organizational structure that have designated work assignment and task. Informal groups are groups that is independently formed to meet the social needs of their members. There are five stages in a group development model which are forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning. The forming stage in which people join the group and then define the group’s purpose, structure and leadership. Team members tend to behave quite independently. The members of the team get to know one another, exchange some personal information, and make new friends. Supervisors of the team tend to need to be directive during this phase. From 20 people, I will decide who is going to be decorating sub committee, food sub committee, funding sub committee, marketing sub committee, program sub committee, and volunteer sub committee. Because of they are from different departments, they tend to know each other first before they start working. They have to determine what activities and programs are already in place and serving the needs of the community. Determine the need for the dinner and availability of resources. The next stage is storming. Storming stage characterizes by intragroup conflicts and disagreement among group members. Team members open up to each other and confront each other’s ideas and perspective. Normally tension, struggle and sometimes arguments occur. Supervisors of the team during this phase may be more accessible, but tend to remain directive in their guidance of decision-making and professional behavior. All the subcommittee has to set goals for the dinner. They have to know their target population and their desired objective or outcome. They have to brainstorm ideas and at this stage all ideas are good ideas. They also can explore the idea of partnership to share the workload or get mileage out of the work they do. The third stage of group development is norming stage. It is characterized by close relationships and cohesiveness. The team manages to have one goal and come to a mutual plan for the team at this stage. Some may have to give up their own ideas and agree with others in order to make the team function. In this stage, all team members take the responsibility and have the ambition to work for the success of the team’s goals. The sub committee now able to find a leader among them and establish a small but effective working group with a broad range of skills that is able to function as a team. The subcommittee also has to compare the skills and abilities of the committee members against the task to be performed to determine what training is required. Besides that, they have to determine the actual fiscal resources necessary. The fourth stage of group development is performing stage when the group is fully functional and work on group tasks. The team members are now competent, autonomous and able to handle the decision-making process without supervision. Supervisors of the team during this phase are almost always participative. Even the most high-performing teams will revert to earlier stages in certain circumstances. At this stage, all sub committees implement what they plan before. They are co-operating together and help each other to succeed the dinner. Each member knows their responsibilities and tasks. The marketing subcommittee has to publicize to catch the attention of their target group and make them want to seek more information about the dinner. The program subcommittee has to make sure all needed material such as equipment is on hand and in good working order. The final stage of group development stage is adjourning stage which group members are concerned with wrapping up activities rather than task performance. This stage involves completing the task and breaking up the team.

Infrastructure Facilities And Road Infrastructure Services Tourism Essay Essays

Infrastructure Facilities And Road Infrastructure Services Tourism Essay Essays Infrastructure Facilities And Road Infrastructure Services Tourism Essay Essay Infrastructure Facilities And Road Infrastructure Services Tourism Essay Essay Road sector constitutes a significant portion of substructure in India.An efficient route web is necessary for the state like India for national integrating and economic development. Road is the primary mean of transit which helps us in linking to different cities.Roads portion a large portion of transit of goods and services. India has a huge web of 3.3 million kilometer which is the 2nd largest route web in universe. Roadss involve in transporting approximately 61 % frieght and 85 % of the rider traffic. 66000 kilometer of main roads and freewaies carry about 40 % of route traffic. The authorities of India takes enterprises in the development of roads nad spends about about Rs.18000 crores ( US $ 4 billion ) . Roadss in Ranchi Ranchi is connected with 2 National Highways ( NH-23 A ; NH- 33 ) which cross it and NH-75 originates here. Lots of rural and urban route development procedures are traveling on in Ranchi with the aid of province authorities.Recently the province authorities with the support of NHDC has constituted a program to spread out the route connectivity of different territory central office to this capital metropolis with 4-lane main roads of international criterions. There are no local coach services available in Ranchi. For transposing from one topographic point to another 1 can engage or portion an Auto Rickshaw and taxis are besides available. Cycle jinrikisha are a more common manner to go for short distances. The metropolis has one State Bus Terminus where coachs are available for going to Bokaro steel metropolis, Jamshedpur, Patna, Gaya, Bhagalpur, Alipurduar, Siliguri, Kolkata and Rourkela. The State Bus Terminus is located near the Ranchi Railway station.There are besides buses available for Kolkata, Banaras, Rourkela and metropoliss of other eastern provinces. Ratu Road is another Private Bus Terminus where coachs are available for finishs in Jharkhand, Bihar, Orissa and Chhattisgarh. There has been a considerable development in Ranchi along the major regional linkages in a radial form in the yesteryear. Besides there has been a applaudable attempt in the recent old ages to better the pavement conditions of major roads and roads under Ranchi Municiple Corporation. The primary concern in is decongestion, Mass theodolite system, betterment of the traffic velocity, betterment of route gears, canalisation of traffic, traffic subject, to provide to the ever-increasing figure of vehicles in the metropolis, which is projected to be doubled by the following 5 old ages. Regional linkages Ranchi is good linked to other parts of the province and India, by Road, Rail A ; Air. NH-23 connects the metropolis in south-western way to Chattisgarh. NH-33 which passes through Ranchi metropolis, linking in north to Hazaribagh, Dhanbad and farther to UP and Delhi, in south-east to Jamshedpur, Orissa A ; Kolkata. NH-75 connects the metropolis in West to the western portion of the province and farther to Bombay. Road Network in the metropolis Ranchi has developed well along with all major roads and other regional linkages in the past old ages. The commercial activity preponderantly have developed along the north-south Main Road which is the major arteria of the metropolis, get downing at the Upper Bazar at north-west, Administrative offices at north, Commercial Centres along the cardinal spinal column, Administrative office at the South A ; south-east, climaxing to self sufficient Industrial Area ( HEC, HSL ) at the south-west terminal as seen on the Proposed Master Plan of Ranchi -1983, by Ranchi Ruaral Development Authority ( RRDA ) . A Traffic Volume Count Survey has been conducted in the metropolis in different locations to understand the Characteristics of the traffic at critical locations. Understanding of land usage and route denseness is really necessary to take farther stairss towards development. It helps us in happening out the chief jobs and troubles which common people is enduring from this heavy traffic movemnt and their congestion.The traffic velocity on the Main Road is really slow peculiarly during the peak hours as per the study. The breadth of the chief arteria and roads in the metropolis is 10 to 25 metres and the breadth of other major roads is 5 to 10 metres. The country of the metropolis is 173 Sq.Km, and in 1981 the route length per 1000 population in Ranchi was 0.26 kilometer merely and the route length per 100 sq. kilometer. of country it is 72.53 Kms. Till 2008 Ranchi has sum of 569 Km route length. The 14 roads identified as chief traffic transporting corridors by PWD has a entire length of 94 Km, construct amp ; maintained by PWD. The remainder 475 kilometer roads constitute the sub-arterial and colony roads, construct amp ; maintained by RMC. The entire 470km roads maintained by RMC constitute of 346 kilometers roads as pucca roads, Out of which 32 kilometer WBM, 62 kilometers are bituminous A ; 252 kilometers are concrete top. 124 km roads are kuccha building, out of which merely 29 kilometers are motor able and 90 kilometers are non-motorable. Types of Roads History for ( in % ) Pucca with WBM 7 Pucca Bituminous 13 Pucca concrete 55 Kuchcha Motorable 6 Kuchcha Non-motorable 19 From above pie chart it can be derived as: Largely the roads in Ranchi are formed of concrete and are for good constructed. About 75 % of roads are in good status and are distributed as pucca concrete, pucca Bituminous, pucca with WBM. Remaning 25 % of route is referred as kuccha roads which is separated as motorable and non- motorable. Major Roadss in Ranchi H.B. Road ( Hazaribagh Road ) Old H.B Road Round Road Mahatma Gandhi /Main Road Purulia Road Kankee Road Ratu Road Indrapuri Road Bariatu Road HEC Ratu Bypass Road Club Road Church Road Major Intersections in Ranchi Kutchery Firayalal ( Albert Ekka ) Medical ( RMCH ) Kokar Lalpur Karamtoli Kantatoli Booty More BIT More Birsa Chowk Pandra Piska more Dangratoli Chowk Argora Sahjanand Chowk Harmu Bypass Hinoo more Doranda Russian Hotel Dhurwa Chandni Chowk Bus Terminus in Ranchi Birsa Bus Terminus ( Khadgada ) Ratu Road Bus Stand State Transport Bus Terminal ( Overbridge ) Major corridors of the metropolis: S.No. From To Length ( in kilometer ) 1. Firayalal Chowk Shaheed Chowk 0.3 2. Firayalal Chowk Kantatoli Chowk 3 3. Firayalal Chowk Rajendra Chowk 4.2 4. Railway Station Kantatoli Chowk 2.7 5. Railway Station Argora Chowk 3.6 6. Rajendra Chowk Namkum Chowk 5.6 7. Rajendra Chowk Birsa Chowk 3.2 8. Birsa Chowk Hatia 5.7 9. Birsa Chowk Tipudana 7.4 10. Birsa Chowk Argora Chowk 3.4 11. Argora Chowk Ratu Road 4.5 12 Piska More Lalgutua 5 13. Piska More Lohardaga Road 6 14. Piska More Ratu Road 2 15. Shaheed Chowk Kachahri 1.2 16. Shaheed Chowk Ratu Road 1.4 17. Kachahri Karam Toli 1.2 18. Kachahri Ratu Road 1 19. Karam Toli Booty More 6.3 20. Booty More Kantatoli Chowk 5.4 21. Kantatoli Chowk Namkum Chowk 5.8 Entire 78.9 Condition of Roads in Ranchi Though the chief streets of the metropolis are in satisfactory status as the broadening and strengthening of these roads has been done late, the absence of other substructure viz. pathwaies, route marker, rotary, inveighing etc. leads to decrease in traffic velocity. Merely 50 % of major roads have drainage construct along the sides. The inside settlement roads have chuckholes and without proper drainage system along the sides. The kuccha roads on the peripheries are in a really bad province. Growth of vehicles in Ranchi In twelvemonth 1990-2001, the figure of auto-rickshaws is 19.15 per 1000 population, while rhythm jinrikishas are recorded as 23.5 per 1000 population. In the twelvemonth 2008 the figure of car jinrikisha is 26.15 per 1000 population. The enrollment records of the Regional Transport Authority, Ranchi indicate that the enrollment of motorised vehicles, both public and private has increased by 224 % between 1990-01 and 2001-2008 due to big industrial growing in this period, nevertheless the growing has reduced to 63 % between 1990-91 to 2000-01, farther it is expected to turn at non less than 100 % boulder clay 2021. The metropolis shows an increasing tendency in the usage of two-wheelers like scooters, bikes and mopeds etc. The metropolis s transit demand is mostly met by the undermentioned manners of conveyance. Traffic Flows and Travel Demand Major transit issue faced is the legion commuters acquiring into the Central Business District ( CBD ) country from its environing through a high capacity radial web into the dense nucleus country, which is unable to accept the inflow of these flows taking to traffic bottlenecks. Top out hr flows on major traffic corridors is more than 8000 rider auto units ( PCUs ) , farther due to assorted traffic conditions and deficiency of subject, the lane capacity is well reduced. The extremum travel ( traffic ) clip as derived from traffic volumes counts on major roads and supplemented by the available primary informations for different of import traffic corridors is 10-11 AM and 5-6 PM. Peak Hours Traffic Data on Major Roads / Intersections S.No. JUNCTION ROAD Peak hour. In PCU s In Nos. 1 Argora Chowk Dibdih 1000-1100 1705 1912 2 Argora Chowk Old Argora Chowk 1400-1500 2683 3386 3 Argora Chowk Harmu 1800-1900 10595 6624 4 Argora Chowk Ashoka Nagar 1400-1500 217 3166 5 Birsa Chowk HEC 1700-1800 3761 3677 6 Birsa Chowk Hatia 1800-1900 3179 2412 7 Birsa Chowk Hinoo 1800-1900 3193 4550 8 Booti More Bariyatu 1800-1900 2792 1433 9 Booti More BIT Road 1300-1400 4450 2634 10 Booti More Kokar 1700-1800 5013 2822 11 Firayalal Chowk Shaheed Chowk 1400-1500 3859 3608 12 Firayalal Chowk Link tank route 1800-1900 3917 3886 13 Firayalal Chowk Lalpur Chowk 0900-1000 8199 8334 14 Firayalal Chowk Main Road 1400-1500 7690 6391 15 Kantatoli Chowk Dangratoli Chowk 1400-1500 6589 5128 16 Kantatoli Chowk H.B Road 1300-1400 3118 2770 17 Kantatoli Chowk Tata Road 1100-1200 3986 1559 18 Kantatoli Chowk Bahu Bazar 1100-1200 3017 3613 19 Kantatoli Chowk Firayalal Chowk 0900-1000 2737 2782 20 Kantatoli Chowk Mission Chowk 1400-1500 1532 1215 21 Kantatoli Chowk Sujata Chowk 1300-1400 2909 2988 22 Karam Toli Chowk Sainik theatre 0900-1000 1353 1432 23 Karam Toli Chowk Tagore hill 0800-0900 2072 2079 24 Karam Toli Chowk Bariyatu 1000-1100 2263 2246 25 Karam Toli Chowk Aadiwasi hostel 0800-0900 2585 2545 26 Kachahri Chowk Ratu Road 0900-1000 4269 3661 27 Kachahri Chowk Radium Road 1700-1800 2071 2170 28 Kachahri Chowk Lalpur Chowk 2100-2200 6233 1830 29 Kachahri Chowk Shaheed Chowk 1100-1200 3839 1817 30 Namkum Chowk Ranchi 1400-1500 2364 1558 31 Namkum Chowk Ghagra 0800-0900 1706 1368 32 Namkum Chowk Tata route 1800-1900 2237 1785 33 Piska More Ratu 0800-0900 3751 2851 34 Piska More Pandra 1700-1800 2883 3148 35 Piska More ITI route 0800-0900 2383 1478 36 Railway Station Bus Stand 0900-1000 3000 2804 37 Railway Station Bahu Bazar 1000-1100 2389 2452 38 Railway Station Railway Station 0900-1000 2479 2486 39 Railway Station Over Bridge 1600-1700 763 716 40 Rajendra Chowk Nibarampur 1200-1300 2692 1505 41 Rajendra Chowk Doranda 0900-1000 4375 3124 42 Rajendra Chowk Hinoo 1700-1800 3062 3131 43 Rajendra Chowk Over span 0800-0900 2778 1817 44 Ratu route Chowk Piska 1100-1200 4097 3495 45 Ratu route Chowk Raj Bhavan 1000-1100 1578 2000 46 Ratu route Chowk Kachahri 0800-0900 5089 4053 47 Ratu route Chowk Harmu 1000-1100 2384 2478 48 Shaheed Chowk Kachahri 1600-1700 1418 1458 49 Shaheed Chowk Firayalal 1000-1100 5228 5194 50 Shaheed Chowk Pustak 0800-0900 2204 1881 51 Shaheed Chowk Kotwali 1000-1100 2119 2228 Significant external-to-external flows across the nucleus country are prevalent in the metropolis in absence of by-pass roads. This has resulted in the decrease of mean velocities of the vehicles. The present mean velocity is merely approximately 10 kilometers per hr during extremum hours, and it is still likely to cut down if there is no betterment in the state of affairs. Important Land Marks Albert Ekka Chowk Shaheed Chowk Argora Chowk Harmoo Chowk Booty More Kanta Toli Chowk Over Bridge, Nibaranpur Over Bridge, Kadru Rly Over Pass, BM Rajpath, Dibdih Boubazar Chowk Club Chowk Vivekanand Chowk Rajendra Chowk Birsa Chowk HEC Golchakker Dhurwa more Morabadi Maidan Hinoo Chowk AG More Kutchery Chowk Ratan Talking pictures Fun Castle ( Ratu ) Hesag Karamtoli Chowk Chiraundi Lalpur Chowk Namkum Chowk ( Army Base ) Kali Nagar ( Tea Garden, Namkum ) Sadabahar Chowk Kokar Chowk Hatia Ranchi Express ( Upper Bazar ) Chandni Chowk ( Kanke Road ) Gandhi Nagar ( Kanke Road ) Jawahar Nagar ( Kanke Road ) Karbala Chowk ( Church route ) Bariatu Chowk Ratu park Piska More Ratu Road Daily Trip, Composition Sing the entire trips generated in the Ranchi metropolis it can be stated that approximately two trips per individual are made day-to-day that is one unit of ammunition trip per individual per twenty-four hours. At the metropolis degree, day-to-day trip rate per house clasp in Ranchi metropolis is about 10.35 and mean day-to-day trip rate per individual ( PCTR ) is about 2.25 which include trips undertaken by walking. Average Daily Trip Rate per Person and per Family Average Daily Trip Rate Work Education Others Total Per Person 0.73 0.92 0.60 2.25 Per Household 3.42 4.16 2.77 10.35 In the metropolis, the work and instruction trips together account for approximately 73 % of the entire day-to-day trips while the remainder of the trips are made for other intents like shopping, diversion, societal and medical intents. A big proportion of the day-to-day trips autumn in the instruction class. The distribution of the trips by intent is closely linked with the employment position and the age construction of the population. . Majority of low income group individuals in Ranchi either walk or usage rhythms, for which they do non hold to pay. In Ranchi about 30 per cent of the entire demand is met by travel on pes, 24 per cent by twowheelers, 12 per cent by rhythms and office/ factory/ school coachs besides play an of import function by transporting 12 per cent of the day-to-day riders. Model split in Ranchi Types of Vehicles Entire in no. Entire in % Bullock Cart 1722 2 Two Wheeler 39310 26 Three Wheeler/Auto Rickshaw 21962 15 Car/Jeep/Van/Taxi 25398 17 Buss 4982 3 LCV 8056 6 Trucks 3350 3 Cycle 20375 14 Cycle Rickshaw 20528 14 From the above theoretical account split of vehicles in Ranchi followerss can be derived: 28 % of the traffic constitutes of bullock cart, rhythm, rhythm jinrikishas.So chiefly the parity theodolite manners are used by the populace for motion from one topographic point to another. It creates job for the motion of heavy vehicles in the roads as the velocity of the traffic motion lessenings and therefore it reduces the efficiency of the route conveyance in the metropolis. Merely 12 % heavy vehicles are runing in the metropolis. Lesser figure of Bus / Minibus ( i.e. Mass Transit System ) are used for transit and besides trucks which are used for the logistics motion counts less in figure. Due to non-availability and inefficiency of MTS and inconvenient Public Transport, there is increased figure of two Wheelers in the metropolis. 41 % of the entire vehicle count is occupied by two-three Wheelers which increases the pollution degree and increased traffic undiscipline on roads. Car/Jeep/Taxis/Van are besides used as the transit medium by the public.It histories for 17 % of the entire traffic motion in the metropolis. Recent Developments of Roads in Ranchi Consideration of Ranchi Ring Road ( RRR ) It has been proposed by the Ranchi municipal corporation to keep good substructure installations at Ranchi.For this thing Ranchii authorities has identified some major roads development in the city.The status of the roads in Ranchi is non good and roads are really efficient and largely are individual laned. So it increases the traffic congestion at chief topographic points in the markets and therefore reduces the traffic motion from one topographic point to another. The Ranchi municipal corporation proposes to develop a to the full modern system for safe and efficient motion of traffic. As a first measure, it is decided to take up the development of Ranchi Ring Road. This will be a 85 Km long six lane dual carriageway installation running along the suburb s of Ranchi and supplying bye-pass installations to National Highways, State Highways, other roads, soon running through the Ranchi City. The chief roads emanating from Ranchi metropolis are: Ranchi Ramgarh Hazaribagh ( NH33 ) Ranchi Purulia Ranchi Jamshedpur ( NH33 ) Ranchi Chaibasa Tata Nagar Ranchi Lodhma Kera Rourkela Ranchi Gumla Rourkela ( NH23 ) Ranchi Daltenganj ( NH75 ) and Ranchi Pithauria Patratu The strength of traffic on these roads has increased manifolds doing considerable hold in travel clip and incommodiousness to the intercity traffic. In the first phase, the province authorities would set about the building work of linking the province capital s outskirts Kathi Tand ( near Ratu on Ranchi-Daltonganj main road ) and Karma ( on Ranchi-Ramgarh route ) . It would assist cut down the force per unit area of heavy vehicles on the streets of the province capital. To enable congestion free intra-city traffic motion, supply unhampered motion to the traffic destined to other Stationss, aid in making pollution free environments and supply chief entree to Greater Ranchi, there is an pressing demand to develop this Ranchi Ring Road along the urban fringe of metropolis in the first phase.This besides forms portion of the State Government s policy of harmonizing precedence for the development and betterment of the conveyance sector in the province. In the original specifications, two overpasss were proposed at Kathi Tand ( which comes under NH-75 on Ranchi-Daltonganj stretch ) and at Karma ( NH-33 ) . The province authorities can set about the overpass undertaking merely after acquiring clearance from the Union ministry of Road Transport and Highways. Seven class separated intersections by manner of 6 overpasss and one elevated cross route have been proposed at the undermentioned intersections: 1. Section I Vikas on NH 33 ( Flyover ) 2. Section II Tati silwai on SH ( Flyover ) 3. Section III Rampur on NH 33 ( Flyover ) 4. Section IV Tipudana on SH ( Flyover ) 5. Section V Lalgutua on NH-23 ( Flyover ) 6. Section VI Kathiatar on NH-75 ( Elevated Cross Road ) 7. Section VII Kanke Pithauria Road ( Flyover ) 16 Underpasss have been proposed beneath a class separated construction to transport one or more watercourse of traffic. There are 2, 7, 1, 1, 0, 0, and 5 subwaies for Section I, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII severally. Road Rail Crossings: As per the demand of the employer, route over Bridgess ( ROBs ) on two railroad crossings in Section II and one in Section IV have been provided. Similarly one route under span on Railway traversing in Section V has been proposed in position of railroad line running on high embankments. Issues a. The demand for urban conveyance in Ranchi metropolis is projected to be about dual by the twelvemonth 2011. B. Lack of Mass Transit System. Cycle-rickshaws and auto-rickshaws are therefore the prevailing manners of public conveyance. The entire portion of public conveyance is 0 % against the lower limit desired 80 % portion for Ranchi, as per the guidelines issued by the Ministry of Urban Development, GoI in 1988. This is desired for effectual traffic direction. c.Two-wheelers like scooter, bike and moped are the most widely used individualized manner of conveyance, which increase the traffic denseness on the roads and due to high maneuverability they add to indiscipline amp ; occasional the traffic blockages / jams. d. The present public conveyance ( IPTs ) is found to be unequal and disappointing chiefly due to their high cost, hapless service, uncomfortableness caused by over embarkation, slow velocity, pollution and indiscriminate arrests to function passengers.. e. The velocity of the traffic on most of the inner-city roads is governed by the velocity of the jinrikisha ensuing in congestion and really low mean journey velocities, every bit low as 10 kmph. f. Considerable holds at intersections due to non-standard constellations, and increased struggles. g. Indiscriminate parking by dwellers and general deficit of parking infinites. h. Increasing volumes of three wheeled car jinrikishas making extra jobs due to their maneuverability, Road Safety A ; Congestion i. Pathway Most of roads inside the metropolis have no defined pathwaies. In most of the instances the route heart terminates suddenly to Earth, someplace to constructed shoulder. In countries such as chief roads with commercial constitutions the route heart is continued to the next stores or boundary. The building of concrete paving by single store proprietors are witnessed on secondary roads. two. Road Side Railing A ; Curb Stones The route side railings spliting the route from pathwaies and service lanes is virtually absent in the full metropolis. One can come in the route at any point straight from the store, abode or other constitutions. The deficiency of kerb rocks and deficiency of raised sideways or pathway along the roads, consequences in use of full right of manner by traffic motion, and the unguided prosaic therefore ends up devouring infinite on the route three. Divider, Railing A few of Arteries in the metropolis are provided with splitter, the Main Road go throughing through the commercial hub of the metropolis is provided with splitter with inveighing over it, but due to legion punctures in to the railing, prosaic can be found traversing the route virtually at any location. four. Para Transit Auto Stops It is a general pattern in the metropolis to park the lone bing public conveyance manner, the cars on the route, really near to the intersections. This consequences in decrease of effectual clear route breadth at the intersections, therefore join forcesing to the traffic congestion at the intersection. v. Road Painting A ; Zebra Crossing Except chief arterias all other roads have no route line picture. The defined Zebra crossing even at signalized intersections are losing, ensuing in unguided crossing walker, the absence of arrest line at intersections once more provide purchase to go against traffic regulations. six. Signalization The signalized intersections in the metropolis are really rare. A few of the intersections have manned traffic monitoring, which raise serious concern over the safety of the traffic constabulary, standing at center of the traffic, unprotected and without any base. A really few of the intersections have signal visible radiations with timer show, which is a must in such instance of heterogenous traffic. The queuing witnessed at the peak times at the Main Road in the chief market has been about 20 autos in a row. The manned intersections rhythm clip varies from 15 sec. to 4 min. seven. Traffic Jam, Congestion A ; Traffic velocity The traffic jam witnessed at the extremum hours in the commercial hubs were chiefly due to unorganised and hap risky motion of jinrikisha A ; other vehicles at the intersections, where everybody is caught at the Centre with no infinite to maneuver the vehicle to do infinite to unclutter the jam. The weaving of jinrikisha, heterogenous traffic, traffic regulation misdemeanor, bottlenecks all such issues result in congestion and deceleration of the traffic. Bottle cervixs As per the reconnaissance study of the metropolis by experts, the identified bottle cervixs in the metropolis preponderantly lies in the Station country ( Railway Station and Birsa Munda coach base ) , Main market are ( Main Road ) , Sweeping market ( Upper Bazar ) . The primary causes of such constrictions are as follows: a. Varying carriageway of roads in the Main market country, lesser transporting capacity ( two lane route with heterogenous traffic ) in Upper Bazar. b. Invasion by the retail stores along the streets, by puting billboards, containers A ; show in the full metropolis is prevailing and constitutes to the traffic congestion. c. Unauthorized parking along the roads is another ground for decrease of effectual route breadth curtailing the smooth traffic flow. d. Almost all the intersection inside the metropolis are flanked with Auto ( metropolis conveyance ) , sellers right at the intersection and really near to the intersection. e. Due to the absence of clear and defined prosaic waies along the chief streets, the prosaic tend to utilize about one full lane for transposing. Institutional Duty Multiple bureaus are involved in back uping and easing traffic and transit mechanism in Ranchi. Provision of route substructure is done by RMC, PWD A ; NHAI. The traffic ordinance has been the duty of the traffic constabulary section. No individual bureau is entirely responsible and accountable for traffic and conveyance direction. This is giving rise to overlapping of maps and spacial and functional atomization Schemes a. Encouraging displacement towards a Mass Transit System and minimising the usage of individualized vehicles. For case, as per the modal split degrees recommended by the Central Institute of Road Research, 30 % to 40 % of the riders trips should be carried by mass theodolite ( coach ) in medium size metropoliss holding population between 1 and 2 million. Ranchi metropolis requires a wise combination of coach service and IPT service for minimising the usage of individualized manners B. High capacity coach service to link major establishment, infirmaries capital metropolis, station, airdrome and industrial country. c. Options for Mass Transit System for the Ranchi City like Mini Bus shuttle service for thoroughfare traffic as immediate step. d. Improvement of all major arterias, i.e. widening A ; strengthening of paving building of pathwaies, railings, street lamps, drainage, average, shoulder, route picture, route signage, beef uping of culverts etc as applicable. e. Proper geometric design of rotary and island at Intersections. Based on traffic volume and infinite handiness integrating signalisation, zebra crossing. f. Provision of automatic signal system, based on traffic volume where is infinite is a restraint for big size traffic circle. Cycle clip of traffic visible radiations to be fixed utilizing computing machine simulation with regard to traffic velocity, flow and line uping length. g. Identifying Missing Linkss: A Inner Ring Road to be built by building a new route links between Kanke Road to Ratu Road farther to Argora Chowk, another route nexus between Hinoo Chowk to Namkum Chowk. h. Road infinite direction by curtailing usage of route infinite by heavy vehicles and private motor autos in engorged cardinal countries during haste hours. I. Supplying authorised parking infinites at high demand countries in order to cut down invasion on roads by unauthorised parking. J. Facilitating smooth flow of traffic through steps such as traffic signals and marks, one-way streets and velocity control with accent on enforcement of traffic ordinances. k. Road safety and pollution control checks including the review of fittingness of vehicles every bit good as preparation and testing of the IPT drivers. l. Providing installations for prosaic and rhythm travel is a must for Ranchi metropolis. These manners of travel are cost-efficient, do non necessitate fuel and make non take to air or noise pollution. MAP OF RANCHI SHOWING THE ROADS AND ITS CONNECTIVITY Road Network Map of Ranchi